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Make it durable

https://github.com/apache/libcloud/pull/492

For later versions of the guide: Extend the Fractals app to use Swift directly, and show the actual code from there.

Explain how to get objects back out again.

Large object support in Swift https://docs.openstack.org/swift/latest/overview_large_objects.html

This section introduces object storage.

OpenStack Object Storage (code-named swift) is open-source software that enables you to create redundant, scalable data storage by using clusters of standardized servers to store petabytes of accessible data. It is a long-term storage system for large amounts of static data that you can retrieve, leverage, and update. Unlike more traditional storage systems that you access through a file system, you access Object Storage through an API.

The Object Storage API is organized around objects and containers.

Similar to the UNIX programming model, an object, such as a document or an image, is a "bag of bytes" that contains data. You use containers to group objects. You can place many objects inside a container, and your account can have many containers.

If you think about how you traditionally make what you store durable, you quickly conclude that keeping multiple copies of your objects on separate systems is a good way strategy. However, keeping track of those multiple copies is difficult, and building that into an app requires complicated logic.

OpenStack Object Storage automatically replicates each object at least twice before returning 'write success' to your API call. A good strategy is to keep three copies of objects, by default, at all times, replicating them across the system in case of hardware failure, maintenance, network outage, or another kind of breakage. This strategy is very convenient for app creation. You can just dump objects into object storage and not worry about the additional work that it takes to keep them safe.

Use Object Storage to store fractals

The Fractals app currently uses the local file system on the instance to store the images that it generates. For a number of reasons, this approach is not scalable or durable.

Because the local file system is ephemeral storage, the fractal images are lost along with the instance when the instance is terminated. Block-based storage, which the /block_storage section discusses, avoids that problem, but like local file systems, it requires administration to ensure that it does not fill up, and immediate attention if disks fail.

The Object Storage service manages many of the tasks normally managed by the application owner. The Object Storage service provides a scalable and durable API that you can use for the fractals app, eliminating the need to be aware of the low level details of how objects are stored and replicated, and how to grow the storage pool. Object Storage handles replication for you. It stores multiple copies of each object. You can use the Object Storage API to return an object, on demand.

First, learn how to connect to the Object Storage endpoint:

dotnet

Warning

This section has not yet been completed for the .NET SDK.

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

Warning

Libcloud 0.16 and 0.17 are afflicted with a bug that means authentication to a swift endpoint can fail with a Python exception. If you encounter this, you can upgrade your libcloud version, or apply a simple 2-line patch.

Note

Libcloud uses a different connector for Object Storage to all other OpenStack services, so a conn object from previous sections will not work here and we have to create a new one named swift.

pkgcloud

Warning

This section has not yet been completed for the pkgcloud SDK.

openstacksdk

Warning

This section has not yet been completed for the OpenStack SDK.

phpopencloud

Warning

This section has not yet been completed for the PHP-OpenCloud SDK.

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

To begin to store objects, we must first make a container. Call yours fractals:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

You should see output such as:

TBC

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

You should see output such as:

<Container: name=fractals, provider=OpenStack Swift>

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

You should see output such as:

Munch({u'content-length': u'0', u'x-container-object-count': u'0',
u'accept-ranges': u'bytes', u'x-container-bytes-used': u'0',
u'x-timestamp': u'1463950178.11674', u'x-trans-id':
u'txc6262b9c2bc1445b9dfe3-00574277ff', u'date': u'Mon, 23 May 2016
03:24:47 GMT', u'content-type': u'text/plain; charset=utf-8'})

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

You should now be able to see this container appear in a listing of all containers in your account:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

You should see output such as:

TBC

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

You should see output such as:

[<Container: name=fractals, provider=OpenStack Swift>]

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

[Munch({u'count': 0, u'bytes': 0, u'name': u'fractals'}),
Munch({u'count': 0, u'bytes': 0, u'name': u'fractals_segments'})]

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

The next logical step is to upload an object. Find a photo of a goat online, name it goat.jpg, and upload it to your fractals container:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

List objects in your fractals container to see if the upload was successful. Then, download the file to verify that the md5sum is the same:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

TBC

../samples/fog/durability.rb

TBC

../samples/fog/durability.rb

7513986d3aeb22659079d1bf3dc2468b

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

Objects in fractals:
SwiftObject{name=an amazing goat,
 uri=https://swift.some.org:8888/v1/AUTH_8997868/fractals/an%20amazing%20goat,
 etag=439884df9c1c15c59d2cf43008180048,
 lastModified=Wed Nov 25 15:09:34 AEDT 2015, metadata={}}

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

Fetched: an amazing goat

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

MD5 for file goat.jpg: 439884df9c1c15c59d2cf43008180048

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

[<Object: name=an amazing goat, size=191874, hash=439884df9c1c15c59d2cf43008180048, provider=OpenStack Swift ...>]

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

<Object: name=an amazing goat, size=954465, hash=7513986d3aeb22659079d1bf3dc2468b, provider=OpenStack Swift ...>

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

7513986d3aeb22659079d1bf3dc2468b

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

[Munch({u'hash': u'd1408b5bf6510426db6e2bafc2f90854', u'last_modified':
u'2016-05-23T03:34:59.353480', u'bytes': 63654, u'name': u'an amazing
goat', u'content_type': u'application/octet-stream'})]

../samples/shade/durability.py

d1408b5bf6510426db6e2bafc2f90854

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Finally, clean up by deleting the test object:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

Note

You must pass in objects and not object names to the delete commands.

Now, no more objects are available in the fractals container.

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

[]

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

Munch({u'content-length': u'0', u'x-container-object-count': u'0',
u'accept-ranges': u'bytes', u'x-container-bytes-used': u'0',
u'x-timestamp': u'1463950178.11674', u'x-trans-id':
u'tx46c83fa41030422493110-0057427af3', u'date': u'Mon, 23 May 2016
03:37:23 GMT', u'content-type': u'text/plain; charset=utf-8'})

Now, no more objects are available in the fractals container.

../samples/shade/durability.py

[]

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Back up the Fractals from the database on the Object Storage

Back up the Fractals app images, which are currently stored inside the database, on Object Storage.

Place the images in the fractals container:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Next, back up all existing fractals from the database to the swift container. A simple loop takes care of that:

Note

Replace IP_API_1 with the IP address of the API instance.

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

<Object: name=025fd8a0-6abe-4ffa-9686-bcbf853b71dc, size=61597, hash=b7a8a26e3c0ce9f80a1bf4f64792cd0c, provider=OpenStack Swift ...>
<Object: name=26ca9b38-25c8-4f1e-9e6a-a0132a7a2643, size=136298, hash=9f9b4cac16893854dd9e79dc682da0ff, provider=OpenStack Swift ...>
<Object: name=3f68c538-783e-42bc-8384-8396c8b0545d, size=27202, hash=e6ee0cd541578981c294cebc56bc4c35, provider=OpenStack Swift ...>

Note

The example code uses the awesome Requests library. Before you try to run the previous script, make sure that it is installed on your system.

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

Note

The example code uses the awesome Requests library. Before you try to run the previous script, make sure that it is installed on your system.

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Configure the Fractals app to use Object Storage

Warning

Currently, you cannot directly store generated images in OpenStack Object Storage. Please revisit this section again in the future.

Extra features

Delete containers

To delete a container, you must first remove all objects from the container. Otherwise, the delete operation fails:

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

shade

../samples/shade/durability.py

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Warning

It is not possible to restore deleted objects. Be careful.

Add metadata to objects

You can complete advanced tasks such as uploading an object with metadata, as shown in following example. For more information, see the documentation for your SDK.

fog

This option also uses a bit stream to upload the file, iterating bit by bit over the file and passing those bits to Object Storage as they come. Compared to loading the entire file in memory and then sending it, this method is more efficient, especially for larger files.

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

It would be nice to have a pointer here to section 9.

shade

This adds a "foo" key to the metadata that has a value of "bar".

Note

Swift metadata keys are prepended with "x-object-meta-" so when you get the object with get_object(), in order to get the value of the metadata your key will be "x-object-meta-foo".

../samples/shade/durability.py

gophercloud

../samples/gophercloud/durability.go

Large objects

For efficiency, most Object Storage installations treat large objects, > 5GB, differently than smaller objects.

fog

../samples/fog/durability.rb

jclouds

If you work with large objects, use the RegionScopedBlobStoreContext class family instead of the ones used so far.

Note

Large file uploads that use the openstack-swift provider are supported in only jclouds V2, currently in beta. Also, the default chunk size is 64 Mb. Consider changing this as homework.

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

libcloud

If you work with large objects, use the ex_multipart_upload_object call instead of the simpler upload_object call. The call splits the large object into chunks and creates a manifest so that the chunks can be recombined on download. Change the chunk_size parameter, in bytes, to a value that your cloud can accept.

../samples/libcloud/durability.py

jclouds

Complete code sample

This file contains all the code from this tutorial section. This class lets you view and run the code.

Before you run this class, confirm that you have configured it for your cloud and the instance running the Fractals application.

../samples/jclouds/Durability.java

shade

Shade's create_object function has a "use_slo" parameter (that defaults to true) which will break your object into smaller objects for upload and rejoin them if needed.

Next steps

You should now be fairly confident working with Object Storage. You can find more information about the Object Storage SDK calls at:

fog

https://github.com/fog/fog/blob/master/lib/fog/openstack/docs/storage.md

libcloud

https://libcloud.readthedocs.org/en/latest/storage/api.html

Or, try one of these tutorial steps:

/block_storage: Migrate the database to block storage, or use the database-as-a-service component.
/orchestration: Automatically orchestrate your application.
/networking: Learn about complex networking.
/advice: Get advice about operations.
/craziness: Learn some crazy things that you might not think to do ;)

21 KiB Raw Blame History

Make it durable

Use Object Storage to store fractals

Back up the Fractals from the database on the Object Storage

Configure the Fractals app to use Object Storage

Extra features

Delete containers

Add metadata to objects

Large objects

Complete code sample

Next steps

21 KiB

Raw Blame History