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Technical considerations
There are many technical considerations to take into account with regard to designing a multi-site OpenStack implementation. An OpenStack cloud can be designed in a variety of ways to handle individual application needs. A multi-site deployment has additional challenges compared to single site installations and therefore is a more complex solution.
When determining capacity options be sure to take into account not just the technical issues, but also the economic or operational issues that might arise from specific decisions.
Inter-site link capacity describes the capabilities of the connectivity between the different OpenStack sites. This includes parameters such as bandwidth, latency, whether or not a link is dedicated, and any business policies applied to the connection. The capability and number of the links between sites determine what kind of options are available for deployment. For example, if two sites have a pair of high-bandwidth links available between them, it may be wise to configure a separate storage replication network between the two sites to support a single Swift endpoint and a shared Object Storage capability between them. An example of this technique, as well as a configuration walk-through, is available at http://docs.openstack.org/developer/swift/replication_network.html#dedicated-replication-network. Another option in this scenario is to build a dedicated set of project private networks across the secondary link, using overlay networks with a third party mapping the site overlays to each other.
The capacity requirements of the links between sites is driven by application behavior. If the link latency is too high, certain applications that use a large number of small packets, for example RPC calls, may encounter issues communicating with each other or operating properly. Additionally, OpenStack may encounter similar types of issues. To mitigate this, Identity service call timeouts can be tuned to prevent issues authenticating against a central Identity service.
Another network capacity consideration for a multi-site deployment is the amount and performance of overlay networks available for project networks. If using shared project networks across zones, it is imperative that an external overlay manager or controller be used to map these overlays together. It is necessary to ensure the amount of possible IDs between the zones are identical.
Note
As of the Kilo release, OpenStack Networking was not capable of managing tunnel IDs across installations. So if one site runs out of IDs, but another does not, that project's network is unable to reach the other site.
Capacity can take other forms as well. The ability for a region to grow depends on scaling out the number of available compute nodes. This topic is covered in greater detail in the section for compute-focused deployments. However, it may be necessary to grow cells in an individual region, depending on the size of your cluster and the ratio of virtual machines per hypervisor.
A third form of capacity comes in the multi-region-capable components of OpenStack. Centralized Object Storage is capable of serving objects through a single namespace across multiple regions. Since this works by accessing the object store through swift proxy, it is possible to overload the proxies. There are two options available to mitigate this issue:
- Deploy a large number of swift proxies. The drawback is that the proxies are not load-balanced and a large file request could continually hit the same proxy.
- Add a caching HTTP proxy and load balancer in front of the swift proxies. Since swift objects are returned to the requester via HTTP, this load balancer would alleviate the load required on the swift proxies.
Utilization
While constructing a multi-site OpenStack environment is the goal of this guide, the real test is whether an application can utilize it.
The Identity service is normally the first interface for OpenStack users and is required for almost all major operations within OpenStack. Therefore, it is important that you provide users with a single URL for Identity service authentication, and document the configuration of regions within the Identity service. Each of the sites defined in your installation is considered to be a region in Identity nomenclature. This is important for the users, as it is required to define the region name when providing actions to an API endpoint or in the dashboard.
Load balancing is another common issue with multi-site installations. While it is still possible to run HAproxy instances with Load-Balancer-as-a-Service, these are defined to a specific region. Some applications can manage this using internal mechanisms. Other applications may require the implementation of an external system, including global services load balancers or anycast-advertised DNS.
Depending on the storage model chosen during site design, storage replication and availability are also a concern for end-users. If an application can support regions, then it is possible to keep the object storage system separated by region. In this case, users who want to have an object available to more than one region need to perform cross-site replication. However, with a centralized swift proxy, the user may need to benchmark the replication timing of the Object Storage back end. Benchmarking allows the operational staff to provide users with an understanding of the amount of time required for a stored or modified object to become available to the entire environment.
Performance
Determining the performance of a multi-site installation involves considerations that do not come into play in a single-site deployment. Being a distributed deployment, performance in multi-site deployments may be affected in certain situations.
Since multi-site systems can be geographically separated, there may be greater latency or jitter when communicating across regions. This can especially impact systems like the OpenStack Identity service when making authentication attempts from regions that do not contain the centralized Identity implementation. It can also affect applications which rely on Remote Procedure Call (RPC) for normal operation. An example of this can be seen in high performance computing workloads.
Storage availability can also be impacted by the architecture of a multi-site deployment. A centralized Object Storage service requires more time for an object to be available to instances locally in regions where the object was not created. Some applications may need to be tuned to account for this effect. Block Storage does not currently have a method for replicating data across multiple regions, so applications that depend on available block storage need to manually cope with this limitation by creating duplicate block storage entries in each region.
OpenStack components
Most OpenStack installations require a bare minimum set of pieces to function. These include the OpenStack Identity (keystone) for authentication, OpenStack Compute (nova) for compute, OpenStack Image service (glance) for image storage, OpenStack Networking (neutron) for networking, and potentially an object store in the form of OpenStack Object Storage (swift). Deploying a multi-site installation also demands extra components in order to coordinate between regions. A centralized Identity service is necessary to provide the single authentication point. A centralized dashboard is also recommended to provide a single login point and a mapping to the API and CLI options available. A centralized Object Storage service may also be used, but will require the installation of the swift proxy service.
It may also be helpful to install a few extra options in order to facilitate certain use cases. For example, installing Designate may assist in automatically generating DNS domains for each region with an automatically-populated zone full of resource records for each instance. This facilitates using DNS as a mechanism for determining which region will be selected for certain applications.
Another useful tool for managing a multi-site installation is Orchestration (heat). The Orchestration service allows the use of templates to define a set of instances to be launched together or for scaling existing sets. It can also be used to set up matching or differentiated groupings based on regions. For instance, if an application requires an equally balanced number of nodes across sites, the same heat template can be used to cover each site with small alterations to only the region name.